1. Race, ethnicity and crime : the present crisis -- The scope of this book -- Objectives of the book -- Goals of the chapter -- The colors of America : racial and ethnic categories -- Racial and ethnic categories -- The politics of racial and ethnic labels -- The quality of criminal justice data on race and ethnicity -- The geography of racial and ethnic justice -- Disparity versus discrimination -- The law of discrimination -- The discrimination-disparity continuum -- A theoretical perspective on race, ethnicity, and crime -- Alternative theories -- Conclusion -- Discussion questions -- Notes --
2. Victims and offenders : myths and realities about crime -- Goals of the chapter -- A broader picture of the crime victim -- The National Crime Victimization Survey -- Household victimization -- Personal victimization -- Trends in household and personal victimization -- Lifetime likelihood of victimization -- Homicide victimization -- Summary : a more comprehensive picture of the crime victim -- Picture of the typical offender -- Official arrest statistics -- Perceptions of offenders by victims -- Self-report surveys -- Summary : a picture of the typical criminal offender -- Crime as an intraracial event -- National Crime Victimization Survey -- Uniform Crime Report Homicide reports -- Summary -- Crime as an interracial (hate) event -- Ethnic youth gangs -- Gang myths and realities -- Varieties of ethnic gangs -- Conclusion -- Discussion questions -- Notes --
3. Race, ethnicity, social structure, and crime -- The images from hurricane Katrina -- Two societies? -- Goals of the chapter -- Economic inequality -- Income -- Wealth -- Unemployment -- Poverty status -- Insurance coverage -- Social capital and cultural capital -- Progress, stagnation, or regression? : the debate over the status of African Americans -- The debate over the underclass -- Community social structure -- Residential segregation -- Theoretical perspectives on inequality and crime -- Social strain theory -- Differential association theory -- Social disorganization theory -- Culture conflict theory -- Conflict theory -- Routine activity theory -- The limits of current theories -- Inequality and social reform -- The impact of the civil rights movement -- The arrack on economic inequality -- Conclusion -- Discussion questions -- Notes --
4. Justice on the street? : the police and racial and ethnic minorities -- Unequal justice? -- Complex and ambiguous evidence -- Goals of the chapter -- A contextual approach -- A long history of conflict -- The police and a changing America -- Public attitudes about the police -- The impact of police officer conduct -- Policing racial and ethnic minority communities -- The African American community -- The Hispanic community -- The Native American community -- The Middle Eastern community -- Police use of deadly force -- Disparity versus discrimination in police shootings -- Controlling police shootings -- "Police brutality" : police use of physical force -- Discrimination in arrests? -- Zero-tolerance policing -- Traffic stops : racial profiling -- The use of race in law enforcement -- Profiling contexts -- The data on traffic stops -- Interpreting traffic stop data -- Eliminating bias in traffic enforcement -- The PERF policy on traffic enforcement -- A success story : the Customs Bureau -- Street stops and frisks -- Special issue : stereotyping and routine police work -- Verbal abuse -- Police officer attitudes and behavior -- Police corruption and people of color -- Police-community relations programs -- Special units -- Community policing -- Responding to specific community concerns -- Reduce officer misconduct -- Ensuring cultural competence -- Citizen complaints against the police -- Citizen oversight of the police -- Police employment practices -- Trends in African American and Hispanic employment -- The law of employment discrimination -- Discrimination in assignment -- The impact of diversity -- People of color as supervisors and chief executives -- Conclusion -- Discussion questions -- Notes --
5. The courts : a quest for justice during the pretrial process -- The situation today -- Goals of the chapter -- Decisions regarding counsel and bail -- Racial minorities and the right to counsel -- Racial minorities and bail decisionmaking -- Charging and plea bargaining decisions -- Prosecutors' charging decisions -- Race and plea bargaining decisions -- Conclusion -- Discussion questions -- Notes --
6. Justice on the bench? : trial and adjudication in criminal court -- Goals of the chapter -- Selection of the jury pool -- Techniques for increasing racial diversity -- The peremptory challenge : racial profiling in the courtroom? -- The Supreme Court and the peremptory challenge : from Swain to Batson -- Playing the "race card" in a criminal trial -- Race-conscious jury nullification : Black power in the courtroom? -- Conclusion -- Discussion questions -- Notes --
7. Race and sentencing : in search of fairness and justice -- Goals of the chapter -- Racial disparity in sentencing -- Four explanations for racial disparities in sentencing -- Empirical research on race and sentencing -- Reviews of recent research -- When does race/ethnicity matter? -- Race/ethnicity and sentencing : direct and indirect effects -- Race/ethnicity, gender, age, and employment : a volatile combination? -- Differential treatment of interracial and intraracial sexual assault -- The effect of race on sentencing for various types of crimes -- Sentencing and the war on drugs -- Sentencing reform : the quest for a "just" punishment system -- Challenges to the indeterminate sentence -- Race/ethnicity and the federal sentencing guidelines -- Race/ethnicity and state sentencing reforms -- Have sentencing guidelines increased the likelihood of radical discrimination? -- Conclusion -- Discussion questions -- Notes --
8. The color of death : race and the death penalty -- Goals of the chapter -- The constitutionality of the death penalty -- Furman v. Georgia -- Post-Furman decisions -- Attitudes toward capital punishment -- Race and the death penalty : the empirical evidence -- Statistical evidence of racial disparity -- Pre-Furman studies -- Post-Gregg studies -- Race and the federal capital sentencing process -- Explanations for disparate treatment -- McCleskey v. Kemp : the Supreme Court and racial discrimination in the application of the death penalty -- The aftermath of McCleskey : calls for reform or abolition of the death penalty -- The death penalty in the 21st century -- The movement to reform the death penalty -- The movement to abolish the death penalty -- Conclusion -- Discussion questions -- Notes --
9. Corrections in America : a colorful portrait : corrections vs. college : minorities in society -- Goals of the chapter -- The incarcerated : prison and jail populations -- Minority overrepresentation -- Race, ethnicity, and recidivism -- Historical trends -- Impact of the war on drugs -- Incarceration rates -- Jails and minorities -- The role of jail -- Minority overrepresentation -- Community corrections -- Parole : early release from prison -- Success and failure on parole -- Probation : a case of sentencing discrimination? -- Community corrections : a native American example -- Theoretical perspectives on the racial distribution of correctional populations -- Adjustment to prison -- Prison gangs -- Women in prison -- Conclusion -- Discussion questions -- Notes --
10. Minority youth and crime : minority youth in court -- Goals of the chapter -- Young racial minorities as victims and offenders -- Juveniles as victims of crime -- Juveniles as offenders -- Juveniles of color and the police -- Race/ethnicity and the juvenile justice system -- Race/ethnicity and juvenile court outcomes in five jurisdictions -- Transfer of juveniles to criminal court -- Explaining disparate treatment of juvenile offenders -- Juveniles under correctional supervision -- Conclusion -- Discussion questions -- Notes --
