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The chemistry book: from gunpowder to graphene, 250 milestones in the history of chemistry
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Table of Contents
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C. 500,000 BCE: crystals
c. 3300 BCE: bronze
c. 2800 BCE: soap
c. 1300 BCE: iron smelting
c. 1200 BCE: purification
c. 550 BCE: gold refining
c. 450 BCE: the four elements
c. 400 BCE: atomism
210 BCE: mercury
c. 60 CE: natural products
c. 126: Roman concrete
c. 200: porcelain
c. 672: Greek fire
c. 800: the philosopher's stone
c. 800: Viking steel
c. 850: gunpowder
c. 900: alchemy
c. 1280: aqua regia
c. 1280: fractional distillation
1538: toxicology
1540: diethyl ether
1556: 'De re metallica'
1605: the advancement of learning
1607: Yorkshire alum
1631: quinine
1661: 'The skeptical chymist'
1667: phlogiston
1669: phosphorus
1700: hydrogen sulfide
c. 1706: Prussian blue
1746: sulfuric acid
1752: hydrogen cyanide
1754: carbon dioxide
1758: Cadet's fuming liquid
1766: hydrogen
1774: oxygen
1789: conservation of mass
1791: titanium
1792: ytterby
1804: morphine
1805: electroplating
1806: amino acids
1807: electrochemical reduction
1808: Dalton's atomic theory
1811: Avogadro's hypothesis
1813: chemical notation
1814: Paris green
1815: cholesterol
1819: caffeine
1822: supercritical fluids
1828: Beryllium
1828: Wöhler's urea synthesis
1832: functional groups
1834: ideal gas law
1834: photochemistry
1839: polymers and polymerization
1839: daguerreotype
1839: rubber
1840: ozone
1842: phosphate fertilizer
1847: nitroglycerine
1848: chirality
1852: fluorescence
1854: separatory funnel
1856: Perkin's mauve
1856: mirror silvering
1859: flame spectroscopy
1860: Cannizzaro at Karlsruhe
1860: oxidation states
1861: Erlenmeyer flask
1861: structural formula
1864: Solvay process
1865: benzene and aromaticity
1868: helium
1869: the periodic table
1874: tetrahedral carbon atoms
1876: Gibbs free energy
1877: Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
1877: Friedel-Crafts reaction
1878: indigo synthesis
1879: Soxhlet extractor
1881: Fougère Royale
1883: Claus process
1883: liquid nitrogen
1884: Fischer and sugars
1885: Le Châtelier's principle
1886: isolation of fluorine
1886: aluminum
1887: cyanide gold extraction
1888: liquid crystals
1891: thermal cracking
1892: chlor-alkali process
1892: acetylene
1893: thermite
1893: borosilicate glass
1893: coordination compounds
1894: the mole
1894: asymmetrical induction
1894: diazomethane
1895: liquid air
1896: greenhouse effect
1897: aspirin
1897: zymase fermentation
1897: hydrogenation
1898: neon
1900: Grignard reaction
1900: free radicals
1900: silicones
1901: chromatography
1902: polonium and radium
1905: infrared spectroscopy
1907: Bakelite
1907: spider silk
1909: pH and indicators
1909: Haber-Bosch process
1909: Salvarsan
1912: x-ray crystallography
1912: Maillard reaction
1912: stainless steel
1912: boranes and the vacuum-line technique
1912: dipole moments
1913: mass spectrometry
1913: isotopes
1915: chemical warfare
1917: surface chemistry
1918: Radithor
1920: Dean-Stark trap
1920: hydrogen bonding
1921: tetraethyl lead
1923: acids and bases
1923: radioactive tracers
1925: Fischer-Tropsch process
1928: Diels-Alder reaction
1928: Reppe chemistry
1930: chlorofluorocarbons
1931: sigma and pi bonding
1931: deuterium
1932: carbonic anhydrase
1932: vitamin C
1932: sulfanilamide
1933: polyethylene
1934: superoxide
1934: the fume hood
1935: transition state theory
1935: nylon
1936: nerve gas
1936: technetium
1937: cellular respiration
1937: elixir sulfanilamide
1937: reaction mechanisms
1938: catalytic cracking
1938: Teflon
1939: the last element in nature
1939: 'The nature of the chemical bond'
1939: DDT
1940: gaseous diffusion
1942: steroid chemistry
1942: cyanoacrylates
1943: LSD
1943: streptomycin
1943: Bari raid
1944: Birch reduction
1944: magnetic stirring
1945: penicillin
1945: glove boxes
1947: antifolates
1947: kinetic isotope effects
1947: photosynthesis
1948: Donora death fog
1949: catalytic reforming
1949: molecular disease
1949: nonclassical ion controversy
1950: conformational analysis
1950: cortisone
1950: rotary evaporator
1951: Sanger sequencing
1951: the pill
1951: alpha-helix and beta-sheet
1951: ferrocene
1951: transuranic elements
1952: gas chromatography
1952: Miller-Urey experiment
1952: zone refining
1952: thallium poisoning
1953: DNA's structure
1953: synthetic diamond
1955: electrophoresis
1956: the hottest flame
1957: luciferin
1958: DNA replication
1960: thalidomide
1960: resolution and chiral chromatography
1961: NMR
1962: green fluorescent protein
1962: Noble gas compounds
1962: isoamyl acetate and esters
1963: Zieger-Natta catalysis
1963: Merrifield synthesis
1963: dipolar cycloadditions
1964: Kevlar
1965: protein crystallography
1965: cisplatin
1965: lead contamination
1965: methane hydrate
1965: Woodward-Hoffman rules
1966: polywater
1967: HPLC
1968: BZ reaction
1969: Murchison meteorite
1969: Gore-Tex
1970: carbon dioxide scrubbing
1970: computational chemistry
1970: glyphosate
1971: reverse-phase chromatography
1972: rapamycin
1973: B12 synthesis
1974: CFCs and the ozone layer
1975: enzyme stereochemistry
1976: PET imaging
1977: Nozaki coupling
1979: tholin
1980: iridium impact hypothesis
1982: unnatural products
1982: MPTP
1983: polymerase chain reaction
1984: electrospray LC/MS
1984: AZT and antiretrovirals
1984: quasicrystals
1984: Bhopal disaster
1985: fullerenes
1985: MALDI
1988: modern drug discovery
1988: PEPCON explosion
1989: Taxol
1991: carbon nanotubes
1994: palytoxin
1997: coordination frameworks
1998: recrystallization and polymorphs
2001: click triazoles
2004: graphene
2005: shikimic acid shortage
2005: olefin metathesis
2006: flow chemistry
2006: isotopic distribution
2009: acetonitrile
2010: engineered enzymes
2010: metal-catalyzed couplings
2013: single-molecule images
2025: hydrogen storage
2030: artificial photosynthesis.
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